Civil War Letters

Letter 1 - JLC to Fannie, 1/1/1863

Chamberlain wrote this letter to his wife after suffering horrendous defeat at Fredericksburg, Gen. He wanted her to know how much he loves and worries about her. He was expecting to go back home, but he won't be a good condition because his works or situations are hard and not easy to stand and figure out. In addition, he disappointed by himself since he and his wife had a terrible fight and he foolishly looked for a letter from her. He wanted to apologize and comfort her with this letter, and let her know he loves her so much.   

Letter 2 - JLC to Fannie, 1/5/ 1863

Chamberlain was so exciting because thousands of armed even all hushed to peace that night he wrote this letter. He described the night is wondrous, has balmy southern air and high calm flooding moonlight that silence so vast so deep. He wanted to let his wife know that he is okay and feel peaceful.

Factors of Historical Analysis - Chapter 14

Chapter 14 - A New Birth of Freedom: the Civil War

Social fact

1. "The expansion of the activities of the national government opened new jobs for women as clerks in government offices." p 537

- For many northern women in nineteenth century, took advantage of the wartime labor shortage to move into jobs in factories or nursing. They took a direct part in military campaigns or in organizations that gathered money and medical supplies for soldiers.   

2. "After a growing clamor for action by republican newspapers, members of Congress, and increasingly impatient Lincoln, did McDlellan lead his army of more than 100,000 men into Virginia." p 517

- In 1862, general Lee blunted McClellan's attacks and forced him to withdraw back to the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Successful of the defensive, Lee now launched an invasion of the North. 

3. "while the Union accomplished little in the East in the first two years of the war, events in the West followed a different course." p 518

- In February 1862, grant won the Union's first sighificant victory when he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donlson in Tennessee. At the same time, Grant withstood a surprise Confederate attack at Shiloh, Tennessee.

Cultural fact

1. "'No negro who has ever been a soldier,' wrote a northern official in 1865,'can again be imposed upon; they have learned what it is to be free and they will infuse their feelings into others." p 527

- For black soldiers themselves, military service proved to be a liverating experience. Service in army established men as community leaders and opened a door to political advancement.

2. "Even as the war produced unprecedented casualties, the northern protestant clergy strove to provide it with a religious justification and to reassure their congrations that the dead had not died in vain." p 530

- The religious press now devoted more space to military and political developments than to spiritual matters. Christianity and patriotism were joined in a civic religion that saw the war as God's mechanism for ridding the United States of slavery and enabling it to become what if had never been a land of freedom.

3. "It is sometimes said that the American Civil War was part of a broader nineteenth-century process of nation building." p 529

- The U.S. Civil War took place as modern states around the world consolidated their power and reduced local autonomy. 

Political fact

1. "The intense new nationalism made criticism of the war effort or of the policies of the Lincoln administration seem to Republicans equivalent to treason." p 531

- Republicans saw criticism of the war effort, and Lincoln consolidated executive power and twice suspended the writ of habeas corpus throughout the entire Union for those accused of "disloyal activities".

2. "Repulbicans laveled those oppesed to the war Coperheads, after a poisonous snake that strikes without warning. Mounting caualties and rapid societal changes divided the North." p 539

- Despite Lincoln's political skills, the war and his adinistration's policies divided northern society. It heightened existing social tenses and created new ones.

3. "Essentially, the Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy, with occasional thrusts into the North." p 516

- Lincoln's early generals found it impossible to bring the Union's advantages in manpower and technology to bear on the battlefield. In 1861, the North suffered from narrowness of military vision and its generals initially concentrated on occupying southern territory and attempting to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital.

Economic fact

1. "The Civil War was the first major conflict in which the railroad transported troops and supplies and the first to see railroad junctions such as Atlanta and Petersburg become major military objectives." p 513

- Railroad were vital to the war effort. The war saw the use of the telegraph for military communication, the introductio of observation baloons to view enemy lines, and primitive hand grenades and submarines. 

2. "The economic crisis, which stood in glaring contrast to the North's boom, was an unvoidable result of the war, but Confederate policies exggerated its effects." p 541

- The South's economic, unlike the North's, was in crisis during the war. Numerous yeoman families, many of whom had gone to war to preserve their economic independence, sank into proverty and debt. 

3. "To raise money, the government increased the tariff to unpresedented heights, imposed new taxes on the production and consumption of goods, and enacted the nation's frist income tax." p 536

- The government borrowed more than $2 billion by selling interest-bearing bonds, thus creating an immense national debt. To rationalize the banking system, Congress established a system of nationally charaterd banks which were required to purchase government bonds.

Liberty blog 6

Chapter 11 -The Peculiar Institution

1.How did enslaved people create community and a culture that allowed them to survive in an oppressive society?
- They gathered around with other slaves and they had the same dream and same goal. To be free and be with their families. Their connections created community of them and they also created their own culture of living. Their living styles might be different but it was not so far different. They were almost treated the same way as other slaves. By being with people who are going through the same time as you helped them go through the oppressive society. Socializing with people that has a lot of similarity as them helped survive.

2.Compare slaves in the Old South with those elsewhere in the world, focusing on health, diet, and opportunities for freedom.
- Slaves were not fat because they do not eat as much as people do in the world. By not eating enough forces them to be skinny where other people in the world takes pills or workout to become skinny. Also, slaves were not health because the food they eat are not health at all. They are dirty and not clean. By eating that they are not as health as other people. In the world, there are a lot of health food you could eat such as gourmet cooks and fruits. Also, slaves have limited freedom. They have limited space to travel or move but other people have many opportunities to do other things. They could learn anything that they want. They could eat anything they want. They could buy anything they want so people in the world has far more freedom than slaves in the Old South.

Voices blog 6

Chapter 11 of Voices of Freedom

1. Why does Barrow think that slaves have greater obligations to their owners than free laborers do to their employers?

- The have greater obligation because they are not just working for the owners. Their lives depends on the owners. Their freedom is depended on the owners. They might have terrible living because they were not following his rules. They might be in danger because they did not following his law. Free laborers has more rights and freedom to the owner.

2. Why does Barrow think it so import to prevent "any man" from speaking with his slaves?

- Another rich men might talk to slave from leaving the owner and work for them. Slaves are important to plantation and if one of them leaves then other slaves might follow them. He thinks they own slaves so they have to keep them private to themselves

Liberty blog 5

Chapter 10 - Democracy in America 

1. what were the major economic, humanitarian, political, and social arguments for and against Indian removal?

 The major arguments for Indian removal were to increase in cotton production because cotton farmers needed more land for their plantations. the White Americans needed the land and they thought they could make better using of the land than Indians. Most Americans felt that they were superior to the Indians because of their skin tone and ethnicity so they thought they could kick Indians out from their land. However, the opponents of Indian removal disagreed. They pointed that Indians should be taught "civilization". After the Cherokee had became a leader, they said Indians should be civilized, not removed.   

2. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1837.

  The economic policies of President Jackson, created the Specie Circular by executive order and refused to renew the charter of Second Bank of the United State. Therefore, the government funds were withdrawn from the bank. Jackson was motivated by the concern that the government was selling land for state bank notes and that the bank was issuing excessive paper money. The bank demanded that American merchants pay their creditors in London in gold or silver. Then, an economic downturn in Britain dampened demand for American cotton, the country's major export. Because of these economy collapse, people lost their jobs, land, and nine states had defaulted on their debts.   

Liberty blog4

Chapter 6 of give me liberty! page 245

1. How did revolutionary America see both improvements and 
limitations in women's roles and rights?

    Before, women did not have much choice in politics such as voting. In household, male are in charge of everything and all women did was clean and take care of the children but as american revolution happen, they have more rights, more jobs, different role. Now, they aren't just mother or wives. They are one of the biggest support in the family. American Revolution increased women's limits.

2. What was the impact of the American Revolution on Native Americans?

    First, the way Americans live is totally different from Native Americans. As American Revolution happened Native Americans started to loose their territories. They were moved further west as Americans pushed them with weapons. Native Americans were forced to live to state. It changed Native Americans life. At one point, they did get along and they celebrated (Thanksgiving) but their life style was not same as before. The tradition changed, the way they dressed changed, and how to live changed a lot.

Voices blog 5

Chapter 6 of Voices of Freedom

1.  What practical reason does the notice give for eliminating indentured servitude?
     That caused even greater distinction between freedom and slavery, and between south and north, the north economy was relying on what was called "free labor" (that is working for wages or owning a farm or shop) and a south had even more heavy dependent on the labor of slaves.

2. Why do you think the notices singles out the sale of "White people" as contrary to liberty?
     They were still some segregation in the country. People (white) did not wanted to use the same things as African American such as using the same water fountain, bathroom, and same waiting room. That is why they put up a sign says White people. They still wanted to be separated from other colors.